Table of Contents
Part I: Introduction – The Six-Minute Encounter
On the afternoon of May 1, 2023, inside the confined, rattling space of a northbound F train in Manhattan, a six-minute encounter unfolded that would send shockwaves across New York City and the nation.
In an event captured on a bystander’s cellphone, Daniel Penny, a 24-year-old U.S. Marine Corps veteran and college student, placed Jordan Neely, a 30-year-old homeless man known for his Michael Jackson impersonations, into a chokehold.1
The restraint, which prosecutors would later allege lasted for approximately six minutes, ended with Neely unconscious on the floor of the subway car.
He was later pronounced dead at a local hospital.1
This single, fatal act instantly transcended the individuals involved, becoming a potent symbol for the deeply fractured state of contemporary American society.
The grainy video footage did not document a simple event; it projected a national Rorschach test, forcing millions to confront their own beliefs about public safety, mental illness, citizen intervention, and racial justice.4
Almost immediately, two irreconcilable narratives formed.
To some, Daniel Penny was a “Good Samaritan,” a hero who courageously stepped in to protect his fellow passengers from a man whose erratic behavior and verbal threats created a palpable sense of danger.1
To others, he was a “vigilante,” an aggressor who, motivated by racial bias, took the law into his own hands and lynched a vulnerable Black man in the throes of a mental health crisis.1
This immediate and profound bifurcation of public opinion, occurring long before a full investigation or the identities and histories of the two men were widely known, reveals a crucial truth about the case.
The public’s interpretation was less a reaction to the raw facts of the encounter and more a reflection of pre-existing anxieties and ideological frameworks.
The incident on the F train served as a catalyst, activating latent societal divisions.
Individuals and groups did not so much form new opinions as filter the chaotic event through their established worldviews.
What one person saw as a necessary act of defense, another saw as a brutal act of violence.
Therefore, to ask “Who is Daniel Penny?” is to ask a question that cannot be answered in isolation.
His identity, actions, and the subsequent legal and public trials are inextricably fused with the life and death of Jordan Neely.
This report seeks to provide a comprehensive analysis of Daniel Penny by examining the man, the incident that defined him, the criminal trial that judged him, and the societal fault lines that his case so starkly exposed.
It is a critical case study of the tensions in modern American urban life, where fear, duty, and systemic failure converge, and where the legal system and the court of public opinion can render starkly different verdicts.
Table 1: Chronology of the Subway Encounter (May 1, 2023)
| Time (approx.) | Event | Sources |
| c. 2:25 PM | Jordan Neely boards a northbound F train at the Second Avenue station. He begins shouting that he is hungry, thirsty, and “ready to die” or go to jail for life. He throws his jacket violently to the floor, frightening some passengers who move away. | 1 |
| c. 2:26 PM | The first 911 call is made reporting a “physical fight” on the train at the Broadway-Lafayette station. | 8 |
| c. 2:27 PM | Additional 911 calls report “threats.” One caller inaccurately reports a passenger is armed with a “knife or gun.” | 8 |
| c. 2:27 PM | The train arrives at the Broadway-Lafayette station. Less than 30 seconds before arrival, Daniel Penny approaches Neely from behind, applies a chokehold, and takes him to the floor. Two other passengers help restrain Neely’s arms. | 1 |
| c. 2:27 – 2:33 PM | Penny maintains the chokehold for what prosecutors allege was six minutes. Penny’s defense claims it was less than five. Neely struggles, kicking his legs, before going limp. Penny asks others to call the police during the restraint. | 1 |
| c. 2:29 PM | A bystander warns Penny, “You don’t want to catch a murder charge,” noting that Neely had defecated on himself, a potential sign of dying. | 1 |
| c. 2:34 PM | Approximately 50 seconds after Neely becomes motionless, Penny releases the hold. At another passenger’s suggestion, Penny places Neely into a recovery position on his side. | 1 |
| c. 2:30 – 2:39 PM | NYPD officers arrive on the scene and administer first aid to an unconscious Neely. | 1 |
| 2:39 PM | The New York City Fire Department (FDNY) receives a call for help. | 1 |
| 2:46 PM | The FDNY arrives on the scene. Neely is transported to Lenox Hill Hospital, where he is pronounced dead. | 1 |
Part II: The Protagonists – A Study in Contrast
The encounter on the F train was a collision of two vastly different American lives.
The public and legal narratives that followed were built not just on the actions of that day, but on the biographies of the two men.
In both the courtroom and the media, their pasts were weaponized—selectively constructed and deployed to frame one as a hero and the other as a menace, thereby shaping perceptions of guilt and innocence.
The defense strategy, in particular, centered on transforming the case from a referendum on Penny’s actions into a referendum on Neely’s character, a tactic that proved highly effective.
Daniel Penny: The Marine Veteran and Student
At the time of the incident, Daniel James Penny was a 24-year-old from West Islip, a Long Island suburb.10
After graduating from high school, he enlisted in the U.S. Marine Corps, where he served for four years, from 2017 to 2021.12
As an infantry rifleman assigned to Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, he rose to the rank of sergeant.13
His military career included two deployments with the 22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit, with service in the Mediterranean and travel to countries including Spain, Greece, Jordan, and Kuwait.11
He also served as a water survival instructor and was decorated with several awards, among them the Marine Corps Good Conduct Medal and the Global War on Terrorism Service Medal.11
After leaving the Marines, Penny traveled before enrolling as an architecture student at the New York City College of Technology, living in an apartment in the East Village.12
To support himself, he worked teaching swimming lessons at a gym and at a restaurant in Brooklyn.12
His mother, testifying at his trial, described him as having been raised with values of honesty and kindness, a young man who excelled in school and played bass in local orchestras.12
This biography became the cornerstone of his defense and public persona.
His attorneys, supporters, and even the Marine Corps League—which honored him with an award post-acquittal—consistently highlighted his status as a “decorated Marine veteran”.11
His platoon sergeants testified in court that he had a reputation for being “calm and peaceful” and for displaying “empathy above reproach,” a man who embodied the Marine values of honor, courage, and commitment.12
This carefully crafted image was designed to portray his actions not as reckless vigilantism, but as the responsible intervention of a trained and civic-minded citizen.
Penny himself reinforced this narrative.
In public statements, he cited his military training and a sense of duty as his primary motivation, referencing Holocaust survivor Elie Wiesel’s warning against the indifference of “good people” who do nothing in the face of evil.11
He insisted he acted to protect others from a threat he perceived as credible and imminent, stating he was “scared for myself and scared for everyone on that train”.12
He vehemently denied that race was a factor in his decision, stating, “I didn’t see a Black man threatening passengers.
I saw a man threatening passengers, a lot of whom were people of color”.12
Jordan Neely: The Performer and the Patient
Jordan Neely’s life was a portrait of profound trauma and systemic failure.
At 30 years old, he was known to many New Yorkers as a gifted Michael Jackson impersonator who danced for money on the city’s subways.8
His life took a tragic turn at the age of 14, when his mother, Christie Neely, was murdered by her boyfriend.
Her body was later discovered in a suitcase alongside a highway.17
This horrific event precipitated a severe and lasting decline in his mental health.
According to relatives and official records, he subsequently struggled with severe depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), autism, and schizophrenia.18
Following his mother’s death, Neely entered the New York City foster care system, a world he remained in until he aged out at 21.18
From there, he became homeless, embarking on a decade-long spiral through the city’s interlocking systems of crisis response: shelters, hospitals, and jails.18
His official record was extensive.
He had been arrested 42 times, primarily for non-violent, poverty-related offenses like turnstile jumping, but his record also included three unprovoked assaults on women in the subway between 2019 and 2021.1
Police had also responded to 43 “aided case” calls where he was reported as sick, injured, or mentally Ill.18
Neely was well-known to the city’s social services.
He was on a city-compiled list of the “top 50” homeless individuals deemed most urgently in need of assistance.18
Despite extensive contact with mobile crisis teams, outreach workers from the Bowery Residents’ Committee, and repeated hospitalizations at Bellevue Hospital, the system failed to provide the consistent, holistic care required to stabilize his condition.18
In 2021, he was arrested for punching a 67-year-old woman, breaking her nose.
As part of a plea deal, he was offered an alternative-to-incarceration program at an intensive treatment facility.
He walked away after just 13 days, and an active warrant was issued for his arrest in February 2023, less than three months before his death.8
Just as Penny’s biography was used to portray him as a hero, Neely’s was used to cast him as a villain.
His long criminal record and history of mental illness were heavily emphasized by the defense and its supporters to frame him as a “ticking time bomb” whose violent outburst was imminent and whose death was an unfortunate but foreseeable consequence of his own behavior and the city’s failure to institutionalize him.8
This narrative effectively put Neely’s character on trial, arguing that Penny’s response was reasonable given the person Neely
was, not just the actions he was taking in that moment.
Part III: The Criminal Trial of Daniel Penny (The People of the State of New York v. Daniel Penny)
The legal battle over Jordan Neely’s death was as contentious and closely watched as the public debate.
It pitted the Manhattan District Attorney’s Office, under pressure to secure a conviction, against a well-funded defense team determined to portray their client’s actions as justified.
The trial ultimately turned on the jury’s interpretation of a single legal concept: reasonableness in the face of perceived danger.
From Incident to Indictment
Following the May 1 incident, Daniel Penny was questioned by the NYPD and released without charges, a decision that sparked immediate public outrage.3
The dynamic shifted decisively on May 3, when the New York City Office of the Chief Medical Examiner ruled Neely’s death a homicide caused by “compression of the neck”.1
Amid growing protests and calls for accountability from public officials, the Manhattan District Attorney’s Office, led by Alvin Bragg, moved to press charges.1
On May 11, 2023, Penny was charged with one count of second-degree manslaughter.1
He surrendered to authorities the next day and was released after posting a $100,000 bond.3
On June 14, a grand jury voted to indict him, adding a lesser charge of criminally negligent homicide to the indictment.1
Penny pleaded not guilty to both charges, facing a maximum possible sentence of 15 years in prison.1
The trial began in October 2024.6
The Prosecution’s Case: An Argument of Recklessness
The prosecution’s case was built on the premise that Penny’s actions were criminally reckless and negligent, not that he intended to kill Jordan Neely.9
They argued that the force he used—a sustained chokehold lasting several minutes—was a dangerous and disproportionate response to Neely’s verbal threats.
The core of their argument was that Penny, particularly given his military training, should have been aware of the substantial and unjustifiable risk of death his actions created.4
Key evidence for the prosecution included the widely circulated bystander video, which documented the duration of the hold and Neely’s struggle before he went limp.1
The Medical Examiner’s official ruling of homicide by neck compression served as the scientific foundation for their case.3
They also presented testimony from over 30 witnesses, including passengers who, while frightened by Neely, confirmed he had not physically assaulted anyone prior to being restrained.4
The prosecution’s most powerful witness was arguably Joseph Caballer, the Marine Corps martial arts instructor who had trained Penny.12
Caballer testified that in training, Marines are taught not to maintain a chokehold for more than five seconds.
Viewing the video, he identified the technique Penny used as an “improper blood choke,” with his forearm pressing against Neely’s trachea, which he confirmed was “potentially lethal”.12
This testimony was critical in the prosecution’s effort to establish that Penny had deviated from his training and acted with a “blameworthy” disregard for human life.
The Defense’s Case: An Argument of Justification
The defense team, led by attorneys Thomas Kenniff and Steven Raiser, mounted a robust case centered on the legal principle of justification.
They argued that Penny was not a criminal but a “Good Samaritan” who acted lawfully to protect himself and other passengers from what he reasonably perceived as an imminent threat of physical harm.6
Their strategy was to shift the jury’s focus away from the fatal outcome and onto the terrifying atmosphere Neely had created in the subway car.
To establish the reasonableness of Penny’s fear, the defense called several passengers to the stand who testified that they were terrified by Neely’s behavior.
They recounted his aggressive shouting, his threats to kill, and his erratic movements.1
One mother testified that Neely had charged toward other passengers, causing her to shield her young child with a stroller because she believed she might die.1
This testimony was crucial, as it demonstrated that Penny was not alone in his assessment of the danger.
The defense also presented a slate of character witnesses, including Penny’s former platoon sergeants, who described him as a calm, empathetic, and responsible individual—the opposite of a reckless vigilante.12
To counter the Medical Examiner’s findings, they called their own forensic pathologist, who argued that Neely’s death was caused by a combination of factors, including the synthetic drug K2 found in his system, his underlying health conditions, and the physical exertion of the struggle, rather than solely by the chokehold.4
On cross-examination, the defense team successfully elicited a concession from the prosecution’s star witness, Joseph Caballer, that the five-second training rule is not always applicable in a real-world struggle and that it was difficult to determine from the video if a “full” choke was continuously applied.12
The Verdict and Its Legal Rationale
After deliberating for more than 20 hours over four days, the jury sent a note to the judge stating they were deadlocked and could not reach a unanimous verdict on the top charge of second-degree manslaughter.6
In a highly unusual move, the prosecution requested that the judge dismiss the charge rather than declare a mistrial, which he did.4
This left the jury to consider only the lesser charge of criminally negligent homicide.
On December 9, 2024, the jury returned its final verdict: Daniel Penny was found not guilty.1
The acquittal appears to hinge on the jury’s interpretation of what a “reasonable person” would perceive and do under the extreme and chaotic circumstances of that subway car.
To secure a conviction for criminally negligent homicide, the prosecution needed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Penny failed to perceive a substantial and unjustifiable risk, and that this failure constituted a gross deviation from the standard of care that a reasonable person would observe.
The defense’s success in presenting testimony from multiple passengers who shared Penny’s fear likely proved decisive.
If other “reasonable people” on the train also perceived a deadly threat, it became significantly more difficult for the jury to conclude that Penny’s perception was criminally negligent.
The conflicting witness accounts, with some testifying to their terror and others stating Neely never physically attacked anyone, created a space for reasonable doubt.
The jury likely concluded that while the outcome was undeniably tragic, Penny’s intent was protective, not malicious.
In their view, his perception of danger—and his subsequent actions—did not rise to the level of a crime.
Table 2: Prosecution vs. Defense – Core Legal Arguments
| The Prosecution (Manhattan DA) | The Defense (Raiser & Kenniff, P.C.) |
| Core Argument: Penny acted with criminal recklessness and negligence. The force used was unjustified and excessive for the situation. | Core Argument: Penny acted as a justified “Good Samaritan,” using reasonable force to protect himself and others from an imminent threat. |
| Key Evidence: Bystander video, Medical Examiner’s homicide ruling, toxicology reports showing Neely had synthetic marijuana.9 | Key Evidence: Penny’s statement to police, 911 calls from frightened passengers. |
| Key Witness: Marine Instructor Joseph Caballer (testified chokehold was “improper” and “potentially lethal”).12 | Key Witnesses: Passengers who testified they feared for their lives 1, Penny’s platoon sergeants and family (character witnesses).12 |
| View of Penny: A man who, despite his training, used a dangerous technique for a prolonged period, ignoring the risks. | View of Penny: A hero who risked his own safety for others and never intended to cause harm.6 |
| View of Neely: A person in a mental health crisis who was making threats but had not physically assaulted anyone.4 | View of Neely: A violent, erratic individual with a criminal history who posed a clear and present danger.8 |
Part IV: The Court of Public Opinion
While the criminal trial unfolded within the confines of a Manhattan courthouse, a parallel and arguably more influential trial was being conducted in the court of public opinion.
Fueled by viral video, partisan media, and social media outrage, the case of Daniel Penny became a national spectacle, with fundraising campaigns serving as a proxy for a public referendum on his actions.
A Nation Divided: Hero vs. Vigilante
The public reaction to Neely’s death was immediate, visceral, and intensely polarized.
Two competing narratives took hold and hardened, largely along ideological lines.
On one side, Penny was championed as a hero who embodied civic courage.
This view was amplified by conservative media outlets and prominent Republican politicians.
They portrayed him as a “Good Samaritan” who did what the city’s progressive leadership had failed to do: maintain public order and protect law-abiding citizens from a dangerous and unstable individual.1
Florida Governor Ron DeSantis and New York Congressman Mike Lawler praised the eventual acquittal as a “just verdict,” with Lawler stating Penny should never have been charged in the first place.23
Kyle Rittenhouse, who was acquitted in a similarly polarizing self-defense case, also congratulated Penny.23
On the other side, critics condemned Penny as a racist vigilante who took the law into his own hands.
This narrative was advanced by protesters, civil rights leaders, and progressive politicians.
They framed Neely’s death not as an act of defense but as a modern-day lynching—the murder of a helpless, mentally ill Black man by a white aggressor.1
Protests erupted at subway stations across the city, with demonstrators chanting “Justice for Jordan Neely”.3
Public figures like the Reverend Al Sharpton called the act “unnecessary vigilantism,” while NYC Public Advocate Jumaane Williams argued the verdict sent a message that “the system is okay with violence against marginalized people”.23
Gwen Carr, the mother of Eric Garner, who was also killed in a chokehold, stood outside the courthouse after the verdict and declared, “we did not get justice once again”.23
The Battle of the Fundraisers: A Tale of Two Campaigns
The deep ideological chasm was starkly illustrated by the fundraising efforts launched for both men.
These campaigns became more than just a means of financial support; they evolved into a tangible form of political and tribal expression, with the dollar amounts serving as a public scorecard in the ongoing culture war.
A legal defense fund for Daniel Penny was established on GiveSendGo, a Christian crowdfunding platform known for hosting campaigns for controversial right-wing figures and causes, including Kyle Rittenhouse and defendants from the January 6 Capitol riot.25
The response was overwhelming.
The campaign became the second-largest in the site’s history, raising over $2.7 million from more than 55,000 donors.25
The fundraiser was promoted by high-profile conservatives, including Governor DeSantis, who urged his followers to “show this Marine America’s got his back”.28
Notable donors included musician Kid Rock, who gave $5,000 with the message “Alvin Bragg is a POS,” podcaster Tim Pool ($20,000), and former presidential candidate Vivek Ramaswamy ($10,000).19
In contrast, a GoFundMe page was started by Jordan Neely’s aunt, Carolyn Neely, with the stated purpose of covering his funeral expenses.19
That campaign raised over $130,000.19
The vast disparity in the funds raised—a ratio of more than 20 to 1—demonstrates that the donations were not merely charitable acts.
For Penny’s supporters, contributing to his defense became a powerful way to endorse his actions, register a protest against what they saw as a politically motivated prosecution by DA Alvin Bragg, and signal their allegiance to a “law and order” worldview.
The choice of platforms itself was a political statement, pitting the mainstream GoFundMe against the alternative, right-leaning GiveSendGo.
Money became a proxy vote in a deeply divided nation.
Table 3: Summary of Polarized Public & Political Reactions
| “Daniel Penny as Hero / Good Samaritan” | “Daniel Penny as Vigilante / Aggressor” |
| Key Figures/Groups: Gov. Ron DeSantis, VP-elect JD Vance, Rep. Mike Lawler, Kyle Rittenhouse, Kid Rock.9 | Key Figures/Groups: Rev. Al Sharpton, NYC Public Advocate Jumaane Williams, Eric Garner’s mother Gwen Carr, Neely’s family attorneys, Protesters.23 |
| Core Narrative: Penny is a “hero” who acted selflessly to protect others. The prosecution was politically motivated by a “pro-criminal” DA. The acquittal was a “just verdict.”.6 | Core Narrative: Penny engaged in “unnecessary vigilantism.” The death was a “lynching” and a result of systemic racism. The acquittal is a failure of the justice system to value Black lives..3 |
| Supporting Actions: Raised over $2.7M for legal defense on GiveSendGo. Penny received an award from the Marine Corps League..16 | Supporting Actions: Organized protests at subway stations and the courthouse. Held vigils and a public funeral for Neely..3 |
Part V: American Fault Lines – The Broader Debates Ignited by the Neely Case
The criminal acquittal of Daniel Penny provided a legal conclusion, but it failed to resolve the profound societal questions the case forced into the open.
The incident on the F train became a flashpoint for long-simmering debates about the state of American cities, exposing critical fault lines in the nation’s social fabric.
The verdict did not heal these divisions; it arguably exacerbated them, cementing the case’s legacy as a cultural touchstone for an era of entrenched polarization.
Public Safety, Fear, and Citizen Intervention
At its core, the Penny case ignited a fierce debate about the social contract in public spaces.
Against a backdrop of widespread anxiety about crime and public disorder in cities like New York, many viewed Penny’s actions as a necessary response to a vacuum of authority.21
To his supporters, he was not a vigilante but a citizen stepping up where the government had failed.
The acquittal was seen as a legal validation of a citizen’s right to use force to defend themselves and others, a decision that supporters believe allows New Yorkers to “continue to stand up for one another”.9
However, critics fear this sets a dangerous precedent.
NYC Public Advocate Jumaane Williams warned that the verdict “will only invite more violence,” signaling that attacks on marginalized people are permissible.24
The case forces an uncomfortable question upon urban society: Where is the line between laudable citizen intervention and deadly vigilantism? When does the legitimate fear of one person justify the use of lethal force against another, especially when that person has not yet become physically violent? The Penny case provides no easy answers, leaving a legacy of ambiguity and fear for both those who feel unprotected by the state and those who fear being targeted by self-appointed guardians of public order.
The Systemic Failure of Mental Healthcare
On one point, there was a rare and striking consensus across the political spectrum: Jordan Neely was failed by the system.20
His life story is a tragic case study of the inadequacies of America’s mental healthcare and social support networks.33
Despite years of documented interactions with every city agency designed to help—hospitals, shelters, mobile crisis teams, social workers, and the police—he “fell through the cracks of the system”.20
His death highlighted the immense challenge of treating individuals with complex, co-occurring conditions of severe mental illness, trauma, substance abuse, and chronic homelessness.18
It renewed debates over coercive versus voluntary treatment, the often prison-like conditions of city shelters, and the fundamental truth that meaningful recovery is nearly impossible without stable housing.18
While both sides agreed the system failed, they proposed diametrically opposed solutions.
For some, Neely’s case proves the need for more carceral or involuntary commitment policies to remove dangerous individuals from the streets.32
For others, it demonstrates the urgent need for more compassionate, community-based resources, supportive housing, and a public health approach to mental illness and addiction.33
The Unspoken Element: Race and Perception
While Daniel Penny and his lawyers steadfastly denied that race played any role, many critics argue it is an inescapable and central element of the case.7
They pose a crucial question: Would a white man in a similar state of mental crisis have been perceived as equally threatening? Would he have been met with the same level of force?21 The term “dangerous Black homeless man” was cited as a powerful and pernicious stereotype that may have subconsciously influenced the perception of threat in that subway car.17
For these observers, the incident does not exist in a vacuum.
It sits within a painful history of white citizens using violence against Black individuals on public transportation with impunity.37
The initial decision by the NYPD to question and release Penny, a white man who had just killed a Black man, was seen as a stark example of a racial double standard in the justice system.7
The acquittal, for many, confirmed their belief that the legal system does not, and perhaps cannot, deliver equal justice when a white life is pitted against a Black one.
Legacy and Lingering Questions
The not-guilty verdict was not the final word.
A wrongful death lawsuit filed by Jordan Neely’s father against Daniel Penny remains pending.6
This civil case will test the same facts under a lower burden of proof—a “preponderance of the evidence” rather than “beyond a reasonable doubt”—offering another potential avenue for a form of legal accountability.
Meanwhile, Daniel Penny’s life moves forward.
In a development that further underscores the deep divisions surrounding his case, he was hired post-acquittal by the prominent Silicon Valley venture capital firm Andreessen Horowitz to work as a “deal partner” in its Manhattan office.39
This move signals his complete rehabilitation and acceptance within powerful segments of society, a stark contrast to the finality of Jordan Neely’s fate.
Ultimately, the acquittal of Daniel Penny did not bring closure.
It acted as a catalyst, not a conclusion.
For one side, the verdict was a vindication of a citizen’s right to act in the face of fear.
For the other, it was a profound miscarriage of justice that confirmed the system’s devaluation of Black life.
This absence of any shared factual or moral consensus ensures that the case will endure as a cultural touchstone and a rallying cry for opposing movements.
The names “Penny” and “Neely” are now etched into the American lexicon, symbolizing an unresolved, deeply painful, and defining chapter in the nation’s ongoing struggle with itself.
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- en.wikipedia.org, accessed on August 6, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Jordan_Neely#:~:text=On%20May%201%2C%202023%2C%20in,the%20New%20York%20City%20Subway.
- Former Marine Charged in Jordan Neely’s Death. Here’s What to Know – Time Magazine, accessed on August 6, 2025, https://time.com/6277268/jordan-neely-subway-death-homicide/
- Daniel Penny acquitted in NYC subway chokehold case over Jordan Neely’s death – PBS, accessed on August 6, 2025, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/daniel-penny-acquitted-in-nyc-subway-chokehold-case-over-jordan-neelys-death
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- Daniel Penny: Everything we know about ex-Marine filmed choking Jordan Neely in fatal subway incident | The Independent, accessed on August 6, 2025, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/crime/daniel-penny-marine-chokehold-video-jordan-neely-b2333853.html
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